Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in PEM Fuel Cells
by Yuan, Xiao-zi; Song, Chaojie; Wang, Haijiang; Zhang, Jiujun-
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Summary
Table of Contents
| Acronyms and Abbreviations | p. xi |
| PEM Fuel Cells and their Related Electrochemical Fundamentals | p. 1 |
| Fuel Cell Description | p. 1 |
| Fuel Cell Types | p. 4 |
| H2/Air Fuel Cells | p. 5 |
| Direct Liquid Fuel Cells | p. 8 |
| Alkaline Fuel Cells | p. 10 |
| Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells | p. 11 |
| Fuel Cell Challenges | p. 12 |
| PEM Fuel Cell Electrochemistry | p. 13 |
| Electrochemistry Fundamentals | p. 13 |
| Polarization Curves | p. 20 |
| Current Interruption | p. 20 |
| Chronoamperometry | p. 21 |
| Cyclic Voltammetry | p. 22 |
| Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy | p. 26 |
| Fuel Cell Analysis | p. 28 |
| Open Circuit Voltage | p. 29 |
| Cell Voltage Under Load | p. 31 |
| Ohmic Drop | p. 34 |
| Mass Transfer Drop | p. 34 |
| Fuel Cell Efficiencies | p. 35 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 36 |
| References | p. 36 |
| Electrical Fundamentals | p. 39 |
| Introduction | p. 39 |
| Direct Current Circuits | p. 40 |
| Ohm's Law | p. 40 |
| Series and Parallel Circuits | p. 41 |
| Kirchhoff's Laws | p. 42 |
| Resistors in DC Circuits | p. 43 |
| Capacitors in DC Circuits | p. 45 |
| Inductors in DC Circuits | p. 49 |
| Alternating Current Circuits | p. 50 |
| Sinusoidal Systems | p. 50 |
| Resistors in AC Circuits | p. 52 |
| Capacitors in AC Circuits | p. 53 |
| Inductors in AC Circuits | p. 53 |
| Complex Algebra and Impedance | p. 54 |
| AC Impedance of a Resistor-Capacitor Circuit | p. 56 |
| AC Impedance of a Resistor-Inductor Circuit | p. 59 |
| AC Impedance of a Capacitor-Inductor Circuit | p. 61 |
| AC Impedance of a Resistor-Capacitor-Inductor Circuit | p. 63 |
| Network Circuit Analysis | p. 72 |
| Topological Features of a Network | p. 72 |
| Network Theorems | p. 73 |
| Transient Network Analysis | p. 78 |
| Basic Knowledge for Understanding EIS | p. 81 |
| Introduction | p. 81 |
| Nyquist and Bode Plots | p. 82 |
| Equivalent Circuit Models | p. 84 |
| Data Fitting of EIS | p. 89 |
| Applications | p. 92 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 93 |
| References | p. 93 |
| Impedance and its Corresponding Electrochemical Processes | p. 95 |
| Electrode/Electrolyte Interfaces | p. 95 |
| Introduction | p. 95 |
| Equivalent Circuit of an Electrode/Electrolyte Interface | p. 96 |
| Differences Between Solid State and Aqueous Electrochemistry | p. 97 |
| Faradaic Impedance | p. 98 |
| Calculation of the Faradaic Impedance at the Equilibrium Electrode Potential | p. 98 |
| Kinetic Parameters from Zf | p. 104 |
| Vectorgraphs of Faradaic Impedance | p. 108 |
| Total Impedance of an Electrochemical System | p. 109 |
| Calculated Zf Based on Experimental Measurements | p. 109 |
| Graphic Presentations of the Total Impedance | p. 112 |
| Impedance Plots of Real Electrochemical Systems Using the Complex Plane | p. 116 |
| Semicircle Rotation of the Impedance | p. 118 |
| Correlation of EIS with Other Electrochemical Techniques | p. 123 |
| EIS and the Polarization Curve | p. 123 |
| EIS and Current Interruption | p. 128 |
| EIS Measurements | p. 129 |
| Advantages and Limitations of EIS | p. 133 |
| EIS Advantages | p. 133 |
| EIS Limitations | p. 134 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 135 |
| References | p. 136 |
| EIS Equivalent Circuits | p. 139 |
| Electrochemical Elements | p. 139 |
| Lumped Elements | p. 139 |
| Frequency-Dependent Elements | p. 140 |
| Bounded Frequency-Dependent Elements | p. 142 |
| Basic Equivalent Circuits | p. 143 |
| Simple Combinations of Electrical Elements | p. 143 |
| Randles Cell | p. 154 |
| Structural Circuits | p. 168 |
| Other Circuits | p. 177 |
| Brief Discussion of Equivalent Circuits in PEM Fuel Cells | p. 180 |
| Gas Diffusion Layers | p. 180 |
| Catalyst Layers | p. 180 |
| Proton Exchange Membranes | p. 184 |
| Conductive Polymers | p. 184 |
| Membrane Electrode Assemblies | p. 191 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 191 |
| References | p. 191 |
| EIS Diagnosis for PEM Fuel Cell Performance | p. 193 |
| Ex Situ Diagnosis | p. 193 |
| Electrode Characterization | p. 193 |
| Membrane Characterization | p. 202 |
| Comparison of Ex Situ and In Situ EIS Methods | p. 212 |
| In Situ Diagnosis | p. 213 |
| Different Gas Feeding Modes | p. 214 |
| Measurement Modes | p. 237 |
| Operating Conditions | p. 239 |
| Reference Electrodes | p. 243 |
| EIS Under Heavy Duty | p. 250 |
| Introduction | p. 250 |
| Grounded Mode | p. 251 |
| Floating Mode | p. 254 |
| Fast EIS | p. 255 |
| Principles and Measurements | p. 255 |
| Differences Between Frequency Domain and Time Domain | p. 256 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 257 |
| References | p. 258 |
| EIS Applications | p. 263 |
| EIS Applications in PEMFCs | p. 263 |
| Optimization of MEA Structure | p. 264 |
| Ionic Conductivity | p. 288 |
| Contamination | p. 295 |
| Stack and Individual Cell Impedance | p. 298 |
| Localized EIS | p. 307 |
| EIS at High Temperatures | p. 313 |
| EIS Applications in DMFCs | p. 323 |
| Ex Situ Methanol Oxidation | p. 323 |
| In Situ Anode Reaction | p. 335 |
| Determination of the Ionic Resistance | p. 338 |
| In Situ Cathode Reaction | p. 339 |
| Chapter Summary | p. 342 |
| References | p. 342 |
| Fourier Transform | p. 347 |
| Laplace Transform | p. 353 |
| Kramers-Kronig Transform | p. 363 |
| Effects of Equivalent Circuit Parameters on Nyquist Plots | p. 371 |
| Contributor Biographies | p. 411 |
| Index | p. 413 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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