Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in PEM Fuel Cells

by ; ; ;
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2009-11-01
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
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Summary

Fuel cells, as environmentally-friendly power generation devices, have been fully recognized by scientists, governments, and the public as a unique solution to several of the most important issues that we face today: diminishing supplies of fossil fuels, environmental pollution, and global warming. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in PEM Fuel Cells discusses one of the most powerful and useful diagnostic tools for various aspects of the study of fuel cells: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The increasing speed of the development of fuel cell technologies brings many new researchers from different backgrounds into the field and, although the EIS technique is well-developed in other areas, it cannot be automatically transferred and applied to fuel cell research. This comprehensive reference on EIS fundamentals and applications in fuel cells contains information about basic principles, measurements, and fuel cell applications of the EIS technique. Many illustrated examples are provided to ensure maximum clarity and observability of the spectra.Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in PEM Fuel Cells will enable readers to explore the frontiers of EIS technology in PEM fuel cell research and other electrochemical systems. As well as being a useful text for electrochemists, it can also help researchers who are unfamiliar with EIS to learn the technique quickly and to use it correctly in their fuel cell research. Managers or entrepreneurs may also find this book a useful guide to accessing the challenges and opportunities in fuel cell technology.

Table of Contents

Acronyms and Abbreviationsp. xi
PEM Fuel Cells and their Related Electrochemical Fundamentalsp. 1
Fuel Cell Descriptionp. 1
Fuel Cell Typesp. 4
H2/Air Fuel Cellsp. 5
Direct Liquid Fuel Cellsp. 8
Alkaline Fuel Cellsp. 10
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cellsp. 11
Fuel Cell Challengesp. 12
PEM Fuel Cell Electrochemistryp. 13
Electrochemistry Fundamentalsp. 13
Polarization Curvesp. 20
Current Interruptionp. 20
Chronoamperometryp. 21
Cyclic Voltammetryp. 22
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopyp. 26
Fuel Cell Analysisp. 28
Open Circuit Voltagep. 29
Cell Voltage Under Loadp. 31
Ohmic Dropp. 34
Mass Transfer Dropp. 34
Fuel Cell Efficienciesp. 35
Chapter Summaryp. 36
Referencesp. 36
Electrical Fundamentalsp. 39
Introductionp. 39
Direct Current Circuitsp. 40
Ohm's Lawp. 40
Series and Parallel Circuitsp. 41
Kirchhoff's Lawsp. 42
Resistors in DC Circuitsp. 43
Capacitors in DC Circuitsp. 45
Inductors in DC Circuitsp. 49
Alternating Current Circuitsp. 50
Sinusoidal Systemsp. 50
Resistors in AC Circuitsp. 52
Capacitors in AC Circuitsp. 53
Inductors in AC Circuitsp. 53
Complex Algebra and Impedancep. 54
AC Impedance of a Resistor-Capacitor Circuitp. 56
AC Impedance of a Resistor-Inductor Circuitp. 59
AC Impedance of a Capacitor-Inductor Circuitp. 61
AC Impedance of a Resistor-Capacitor-Inductor Circuitp. 63
Network Circuit Analysisp. 72
Topological Features of a Networkp. 72
Network Theoremsp. 73
Transient Network Analysisp. 78
Basic Knowledge for Understanding EISp. 81
Introductionp. 81
Nyquist and Bode Plotsp. 82
Equivalent Circuit Modelsp. 84
Data Fitting of EISp. 89
Applicationsp. 92
Chapter Summaryp. 93
Referencesp. 93
Impedance and its Corresponding Electrochemical Processesp. 95
Electrode/Electrolyte Interfacesp. 95
Introductionp. 95
Equivalent Circuit of an Electrode/Electrolyte Interfacep. 96
Differences Between Solid State and Aqueous Electrochemistryp. 97
Faradaic Impedancep. 98
Calculation of the Faradaic Impedance at the Equilibrium Electrode Potentialp. 98
Kinetic Parameters from Zfp. 104
Vectorgraphs of Faradaic Impedancep. 108
Total Impedance of an Electrochemical Systemp. 109
Calculated Zf Based on Experimental Measurementsp. 109
Graphic Presentations of the Total Impedancep. 112
Impedance Plots of Real Electrochemical Systems Using the Complex Planep. 116
Semicircle Rotation of the Impedancep. 118
Correlation of EIS with Other Electrochemical Techniquesp. 123
EIS and the Polarization Curvep. 123
EIS and Current Interruptionp. 128
EIS Measurementsp. 129
Advantages and Limitations of EISp. 133
EIS Advantagesp. 133
EIS Limitationsp. 134
Chapter Summaryp. 135
Referencesp. 136
EIS Equivalent Circuitsp. 139
Electrochemical Elementsp. 139
Lumped Elementsp. 139
Frequency-Dependent Elementsp. 140
Bounded Frequency-Dependent Elementsp. 142
Basic Equivalent Circuitsp. 143
Simple Combinations of Electrical Elementsp. 143
Randles Cellp. 154
Structural Circuitsp. 168
Other Circuitsp. 177
Brief Discussion of Equivalent Circuits in PEM Fuel Cellsp. 180
Gas Diffusion Layersp. 180
Catalyst Layersp. 180
Proton Exchange Membranesp. 184
Conductive Polymersp. 184
Membrane Electrode Assembliesp. 191
Chapter Summaryp. 191
Referencesp. 191
EIS Diagnosis for PEM Fuel Cell Performancep. 193
Ex Situ Diagnosisp. 193
Electrode Characterizationp. 193
Membrane Characterizationp. 202
Comparison of Ex Situ and In Situ EIS Methodsp. 212
In Situ Diagnosisp. 213
Different Gas Feeding Modesp. 214
Measurement Modesp. 237
Operating Conditionsp. 239
Reference Electrodesp. 243
EIS Under Heavy Dutyp. 250
Introductionp. 250
Grounded Modep. 251
Floating Modep. 254
Fast EISp. 255
Principles and Measurementsp. 255
Differences Between Frequency Domain and Time Domainp. 256
Chapter Summaryp. 257
Referencesp. 258
EIS Applicationsp. 263
EIS Applications in PEMFCsp. 263
Optimization of MEA Structurep. 264
Ionic Conductivityp. 288
Contaminationp. 295
Stack and Individual Cell Impedancep. 298
Localized EISp. 307
EIS at High Temperaturesp. 313
EIS Applications in DMFCsp. 323
Ex Situ Methanol Oxidationp. 323
In Situ Anode Reactionp. 335
Determination of the Ionic Resistancep. 338
In Situ Cathode Reactionp. 339
Chapter Summaryp. 342
Referencesp. 342
Fourier Transformp. 347
Laplace Transformp. 353
Kramers-Kronig Transformp. 363
Effects of Equivalent Circuit Parameters on Nyquist Plotsp. 371
Contributor Biographiesp. 411
Indexp. 413
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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