The Art of Electronics

by Paul Horowitz , Winfield Hill

Edition: 2nd

ISBN13: 9780521370950

ISBN10: 0521370957

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 1989-07-28

Publisher(s): Cambridge University Press

Other versions by this Author

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Summary

This is the thoroughly revised and updated second edition of the hugely successful The Art of Electronics. Widely accepted as the single authoritative text and reference on electronic circuit design, both analog and digital, the original edition sold over 125,000 copies worldwide and was translated into eight languages. The book revolutionized the teaching of electronics by emphasizing the methods actually used by citcuit designers - a combination of some basic laws, rules to thumb, and a large nonmathematical treatment that encourages circuit values and performance. The new Art of Electronics retains the feeling of informality and easy access that helped make the first edition so successful and popular. It is an ideal first textbook on electronics for scientists and engineers and an indispensable reference for anyone, professional or amateur, who works with electronic circuits.

List of tables

xvi

(3)

Preface

xix

(2)

Preface to first edition

xxi

CHAPTER 1 FOUNDATIONS

(60)

Introduction

(1)

Voltage, current, and resistance

(13)

1.01 Voltage and current

(2)

1.02 Relationship between voltage and current: resistors

(4)

1.03 Voltage dividers

(1)

1.04 Voltage and current sources

(2)

1.05 Thevenin's equivalent circuit

(2)

1.06 Small-signal resistance

(2)

Signals

(5)

1.07 Sinusoidal signals

(1)

1.08 Signal amplitudes and decibels

(1)

1.09 Other signals

(2)

1.10 Logic levels

(1)

1.11 Signal sources

(1)

Capacitors and ac circuits

(8)

1.12 Capacitors

(3)

1.13 RC circuits: V and I versus time

(2)

1.14 Differentiators

(1)

1.15 Integrators

(2)

Inductors and transformers

(1)

1.16 Inductors

(1)

1.17 Transformers

(1)

Impedance and reactance

(15)

1.18 Frequency analysis of reactive circuits

(5)

1.19 RC filters

(4)

1.20 Phasor diagrams

(1)

1.21 "Poles" and decibels per octave

(1)

1.22 Resonant circuits and active filters

(1)

1.23 Other capacitor applications

(2)

1.24 Thevenin's theorem generalized

(1)

Diodes and diode circuits

(9)

1.25 Diodes

(1)

1.26 Rectification

(1)

1.27 Power-supply filtering

(1)

1.28 Rectifier configurations for power supplies

(2)

1.29 Regulators

(1)

1.30 Circuit applications of diodes

(4)

1.31 Inductive loads and diode protection

(1)

Other passive components

(8)

1.32 Electromechanical devices

(4)

1.33 Indicators

(1)

1.34 Variable components

(1)

Additional exercises

(3)

CHAPTER 2 TRANSISTORS

(52)

Introduction

(1)

2.01 First transistor model: current amplifier

(1)

Some basic transistor circuits

(16)

2.02 Transistor switch

(2)

2.03 Emitter follower

(3)

2.04 Emitter followers as voltage regulators

(1)

2.05 Emitter follower biasing

(3)

2.06 Transistor current source

(4)

2.07 Common-emitter amplifier

(1)

2.08 Unity-gain phase splitter

(1)

2.09 Transconductance

(1)

Ebers-Moll model applied to basic transistor circuits

(12)

2.10 Improved transistor model: transconductance amplifier

(2)

2.11 The emitter follower revisited

(1)

2.12 The common-emitter amplifier revisited

(2)

2.13 Biasing the common-emitter amplifier

(4)

2.14 Current mirrors

(3)

Some amplifier building blocks

(13)

2.15 Push-pull output stages

(3)

2.16 Darlington connection

(2)

2.17 Bootstrapping

(2)

2.18 Differential amplifiers

(4)

2.19 Capacitance and Miller effect

102

(2)

2.20 Field-effect transistors

104

(1)

Some typical transistor circuits

104

(3)

2.21 Regulated power supply

104

(1)

2.22 Temperature controller

105

(2)

2.23 Simple logic with transistors and diodes

107

(1)

Self-explanatory circuits

107

(6)

2.24 Good circuits

107

(1)

2.25 Bad circuits

107

(1)

Additional exercises

107

(6)

CHAPTER 3 FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS

113

(62)

Introduction

113

(1)

3.01 FET characteristics

114

(3)

3.02 FET types

117

(2)

3.03 Universal FET characteristics

119

(2)

3.04 FET drain characteristics

121

(1)

3.05 Manufacturing spread of FET characteristics

122

(2)

Basic FET circuits

124

(16)

3.06 JFET current sources

125

(4)

3.07 FET amplifiers

129

(4)

3.08 Source followers

133

(2)

3.09 FET gate current

135

(3)

3.10 FETs as variable resistors

138

(2)

FET switches

140

(31)

3.11 FET analog switches

141

(3)

3.12 Limitations of FET switches

144

(7)

3.13 Some FET analog switch examples

151

(2)

3.14 MOSFET logic and power switches

153

(16)

3.15 MOSFET handling precautions

169

(2)

Self-explanatory circuits

171

(4)

3.16 Circuit ideas

171

(1)

3.17 Bad circuits

171

(4)

vskip6pt

CHAPTER 4 FEEDBACK AND OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

175

(88)

Introduction

175

(1)

4.01 Introduction to feedback

175

(1)

4.02 Operational amplifiers

176

(1)

4.03 The golden rules

177

(1)

Basic op-amp circuits

177

(6)

4.04 Inverting amplifier

177

(1)

4.05 Noninverting amplifier

178

(1)

4.06 Follower

179

(1)

4.07 Current sources

180

(2)

4.08 Basic cautions for op-amp circuits

182

(1)

An op-amp smorgasbord

183

(5)

4.09 Linear circuits

183

(4)

4.10 Nonlinear circuits

187

(1)

A detailed look at op-amp behavior

188

(25)

4.11 Departure from ideal op-amp performance

189

(4)

4.12 Effects of op-amp limitations on circuit behavior

193

(17)

4.13 Low-power and programmable op-amps

210

(3)

A detailed look at selected op-amp circuits

213

(11)

4.14 Logarithmic amplifier

213

(4)

4.15 Active peak detector

217

(3)

4.16 Sample-and-hold

220

(1)

4.17 Active clamp

221

(1)

4.18 Absolute-value circuit

221

(1)

4.19 Integrators

222

(2)

4.20 Differentiators

224

(1)

Op-amp operation with a single power supply

224

(5)

4.21 Biasing single-supply ac amplifiers

225

(1)

4.22 Single-supply op-amps

225

(4)

Comparators and Schmitt trigger

229

(3)

4.23 Comparators

229

(2)

4.24 Schmitt trigger

231

(1)

Feedback with finite-gain amplifiers

232

(6)

4.25 Gain equation

232

(1)

4.26 Effects of feedback on amplifier circuits

233

(3)

4.27 Two examples of transistor amplifiers with feedback

236

(2)

Some typical op-amp circuits

238

(4)

4.28 General-purpose lab amplifier

238

(2)

4.29 Voltage-controlled oscillator

240

(1)

4.30 JFET linear switch with RON compensation

241

(1)

4.31 TTL zero-crossing detector

242

(1)

4.32 Load-current-sensing circuit

242

(1)

Feedback amplifier frequency compensation

242

(8)

4.33 Gain and phase shift versus frequency

243

(2)

4.34 Amplifier compensation methods

245

(2)

4.35 Frequency response of the feedback network

247

(3)

Self-explanatory circuits

250

(13)

4.36 Circuit ideas

250

(1)

4.37 Bad circuits

250

(1)

Additional exercises

251

(12)

CHAPTER 5 ACTIVE FILTERS AND OSCILLATORS

263

(44)

Active filters

263

(1)

5.01 Frequency response with RC filters

263

(2)

5.02 Ideal performance with LC filters

265

(1)

5.03 Enter active filters: an overview

266

(1)

5.04 Key filter performance criteria

267

(1)

5.05 Filter types

268

(4)

Active filter circuits

272

(12)

5.06 VCVS circuits

273

(1)

5.07 VCVS filter design using our simplified table

274

(2)

5.08 State-variable filters

276

(3)

5.09 Twin-T notch filters

279

(2)

5.10 Gyrator filter realizations

281

(1)

5.11 Switched-capacitor filters

281

(3)

Oscillators

284

(19)

5.12 Introduction to oscillators

284

(1)

5.13 Relaxation oscillators

284

(2)

5.14 The classic timer chip: the 555

286

(5)

5.15 Voltage-controlled oscillators

291

(1)

5.16 Quadrature oscillators

291

(5)

5.17 Wien bridge and LC oscillators

296

(1)

5.18 LC oscillators

297

(3)

5.19 Quartz-crystal oscillators

300

(3)

Self-explanatory circuits

303

(4)

5.20 Circuit ideas

303

(1)

Additional exercises

303

(4)

CHAPTER 6 VOLTAGE REGULATORS AND POWER CIRCUITS

307

(84)

Basic regulator circuits with the classic 723

307

(5)

6.01 The 723 regulator

307

(2)

6.02 Positive regulator

309

(2)

6.03 High-current regulator

311

(1)

Heat and power design

312

(13)

6.04 Power transistors and heat sinking

312

(4)

6.05 Foldback current limiting

316

(1)

6.06 Overvoltage crowbars

317

(3)

6.07 Further considerations in high-current power-supply design

320

(1)

6.08 Programmable supplies

321

(2)

6.09 Power-supply circuit example

323

(2)

6.10 Other regulator ICs

325

(1)

The unregulated supply

325

(6)

6.11 ac line components

326

(2)

6.12 Transformer

328

(1)

6.13 dc components

329

(2)

Voltage references

331

(10)

6.14 Zener diodes

332

(3)

6.15 Bandgap (VBE) reference

335

(6)

Three-terminal and four-terminal regulators

341

(27)

6.16 Three-terminal regulators

341

(3)

6.17 Three-terminal adjustable regulators

344

(1)

6.18 Additional comments about 3-terminal regulators

345

(10)

6.19 Switching regulators and dc-dc converters

355

(13)

Special-purpose power-supply circuits

368

(16)

6.20 High-voltage regulators

368

(6)

6.21 Low-noise, low-drift supplies

374

(2)

6.22 Micropower regulators

376

(1)

6.23 Flying-capacitor (charge pump) voltage converters

377

(2)

6.24 Constant-current supplies

379

(3)

6.25 Commercial power-supply modules

382

(2)

Self-explanatory circuits

384

(7)

6.26 Circuit ideas

384

(1)

6.27 Bad circuits

384

(1)

Additional exercises

384

(7)

CHAPTER 7 PRECISION CIRCUITS AND LOW-NOISE TECHNIQUES

391

(80)

Precision op-amp design techniques

391

(30)

7.01 Precision versus dynamic range

391

(1)

7.02 Error budget

392

(1)

7.03 Example circuit: precision amplifier with automatic null offset

392

(2)

7.04 A precision-design error budget

394

(1)

7.05 Component errors

395

(1)

7.06 Amplifier input errors

396

(7)

7.07 Amplifier output errors

403

(12)

7.08 Auto-zeroing (chopper-stabilized) amplifiers

415

(6)

Differential and instrumentation amplifiers

421

(7)

7.09 Differencing amplifier

421

(4)

7.10 Standard three-op-amp instrumentation amplifier

425

(3)

Amplifier noise

428

(21)

7.11 Origins and kinds of noise

430

(3)

7.12 Signal-to-noise ratio and noise figure

433

(3)

7.13 Transistor amplifier voltage and current noise

436

(2)

7.14 Low-noise design with transistors

438

(5)

7.15 FET noise

443

(2)

7.16 Selecting low-noise transistors

445

(1)

7.17 Noise in differential and feedback amplifiers

445

(4)

Noise measurements and noise sources

449

(6)

7.18 Measurement without a noise source

449

(1)

7.19 Measurement with noise source

450

(2)

7.20 Noise and signal sources

452

(1)

7.21 Bandwidth limiting and rms voltage measurement

453

(1)

7.22 Noise potpourri

454

(1)

Interference: shielding and grounding

455

(11)

7.23 Interference

455

(2)

7.24 Signal grounds

457

(1)

7.25 Grounding between instruments

457

(9)

Self-explanatory circuits

466

(5)

7.26 Circuit ideas

466

(1)

Additional exercises

466

(5)

CHAPTER 8 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

471

(94)

Basic logic concepts

471

(13)

8.01 Digital versus analog

471

(1)

8.02 Logic states

472

(1)

8.03 Number codes

473

(5)

8.04 Gates and truth tables

478

(2)

8.05 Discrete circuits for gates

480

(1)

8.06 Gate circuit example

481

(1)

8.07 Assertion-level logic notation

482

(2)

TTL and CMOS

484

(6)

8.08 Catalog of common gates

484

(1)

8.09 IC gate circuits

485

(1)

8.10 TTL and CMOS characteristics

486

(1)

8.11 Three-state and open-collector devices

487

(3)

Combinational logic

490

(14)

8.12 Logic identities

491

(1)

8.13 Minimization and Karnaugh maps

492

(1)

8.14 Combinational functions available as ICs

493

(7)

8.15 Implementing arbitrary truth tables

500

(4)

Sequential logic

504

(13)

8.16 Devices with memory: flipflops

504

(3)

8.17 Clocked flip-flops

507

(5)

8.18 Combining memory and gates: sequential logic

512

(3)

8.19 Synchronizer

515

(2)

Monostable multivibrators

517

(6)

8.20 One-shot characteristics

517

(2)

8.21 Monostable circuit example

519

(1)

8.22 Cautionary notes about monostables

519

(3)

8.23 Timing with counters

522

(1)

Sequential functions available as ICs

523

(21)

8.24 Latches and registers

523

(1)

8.25 Counters

524

(1)

8.26 Shift registers

525

(2)

8.27 Sequential PALs

527

(14)

8.28 Miscellaneous sequential functions

541

(3)

Some typical digital circuits

544

(7)

8.29 Modulo-n counter: a timing example

544

(2)

8.30 Multiplexed LED digital display

546

(2)

8.31 Sidereal telescope drive

548

(1)

8.32 An n-pulse generator

548

(3)

Logic pathology

551

(5)

8.33 dc problems

551

(1)

8.34 Switching problems

552

(2)

8.35 Congenital weaknesses of TTL and CMOS

554

(2)

Self-explanatory circuits

556

(9)

8.36 Circuit ideas

556

(1)

8.37 Bad circuits

556

(1)

Additional exercises

556

(9)

CHAPTER 9 DIGITAL MEETS ANALOG

565

(108)

CMOS and TTL logic interfacing

565

(34)

9.01 Logic family chronology

565

(5)

9.02 Input and output characteristics

570

(2)

9.03 Interfacing between logic families

572

(3)

9.04 Driving CMOS amd TTL inputs

575

(2)

9.05 Driving digital logic from comparators and op-amps

577

(2)

9.06 Some comments about logic inputs

579

(1)

9.07 Comparators

580

(2)

9.08 Driving external digital loads from CMOS and TTL

582

(6)

9.09 NMOS LSI interfacing

588

(2)

9.10 Opto-electronics

590

(9)

Digital signals and long wires

599

(13)

9.11 On-board interconnections

599

(2)

9.12 Intercard connections

601

(1)

9.13 Data buses

602

(1)

9.14 Driving cables

603

(9)

Analog/digital conversion

612

(24)

9.15 Introduction to A/D conversion

612

(2)

9.16 Digital-to-analog converters (DACs)

614

(4)

9.17 Time-domain (averaging) DACs

618

(1)

9.18 Multiplying DACs

619

(1)

9.19 Choosing a DAC

619

(2)

9.20 Analog-to-digital converters

621

(5)

9.21 Charge-balancing techniques

626

(4)

9.22 Some unusual A/D and D/A converters

630

(1)

9.23 Choosing an ADC

631

(5)

Some A/D conversion examples

636

(5)

9.24 16-Channel A/D data-acquisition system

636

(2)

9.25 3 1.2-Digit voltmeter

638

(2)

9.26 Coulomb meter

640

(1)

Phase-locked loops

641

(14)

9.27 Introduction to phase-locked loops

641

(5)

9.28 PLL design

646

(1)

9.29 Design example: frequency multiplier

647

(4)

9.30 PLL capture and lock

651

(1)

9.31 Some PLL applications

652

(3)

Pseudo-random bit sequences and noise generation

655

(12)

9.32 Digital noise generation

655

(1)

9.33 Feedback shift register sequences

655

(3)

9.34 Analog noise generation from maximal-length sequences

658

(1)

9.35 Power spectrum of shift register sequences

658

(2)

9.36 Low-pass filtering

660

(1)

9.37 Wrap-up

661

(3)

9.38 Digital filters

664

(3)

Self-explanatory circuits

667

(6)

9.39 Circuit ideas

667

(1)

9.40 Bad circuits

668

(1)

Additional exercises

668

(5)

CHAPTER 10 MICROCOMPUTERS

673

(70)

Minicomputers, microcomputers, and microprocessors

673

(5)

10.01 Computer architecture

674

(4)

A computer instruction set

678

(6)

10.02 Assembly language and machine language

678

(1)

10.03 Simplified 8086/8 instruction set

679

(4)

10.04 A programming example

683

(1)

Bus signals and interfacing

684

(30)

10.05 Fundamental bus signals: data, address, strobe

684

(1)

10.06 Programmed I/O: data out

685

(4)

10.07 Programmed I/O: data in

689

(1)

10.08 Programmed I/O: status registers

690

(3)

10.09 Interrupts

693

(2)

10.10 Interrupt handling

695

(2)

10.11 Interrupts in general

697

(4)

10.12 Direct memory access

701

(3)

10.13 Summary of the IBM PC's bus signals

704

(3)

10.14 Synchronous versus asynchronous bus communication

707

(1)

10.15 Other microcomputer buses

708

(3)

10.16 Connecting peripherals to the computer

711

(3)

Software system concepts

714

(5)

10.17 Programming

714

(2)

10.18 Operating systems, files, and use of memory

716

(3)

Data communications concepts

719

(24)

10.19 Serial communication and ASCII

720

(10)

10.20 Parallel communication: Centronics, SCSI, IPI, GPIB (488)

730

(4)

10.21 Local area networks

734

(2)

10.22 Interface example: hardware data packing

736

(2)

10.23 Number formats

738

(5)

CHAPTER 11 MICROPROCESSORS

743

(84)

A detailed look at the 68008

744

(16)

11.01 Registers, memory, and I/O

744

(1)

11.02 Instruction set and addressing

745

(5)

11.03 Machine-language representation

750

(3)

11.04 Bus signals

753

(7)

A complete design example: analog signal averager

760

(39)

11.05 Circuit design

760

(14)

11.06 Programming: defining the task

774

(3)

11.07 Programming: details

777

(19)

11.08 Performance

796

(1)

11.09 Some afterthoughts

797

(2)

Microprocessor support chips

799

(28)

11.10 Medium-scale integration

800

(2)

11.11 Peripheral LSI chips

802

(10)

11.12 Memory

812

(8)

11.13 Other microprocessors

820

(1)

11.14 Emulators, development systems, logic analyzers, and evaluation boards

821

(6)

CHAPTER 12 ELECTRONIC CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

827

(36)

Prototyping methods

827

(3)

12.01 Breadboards

827

(1)

12.02 PC prototyping boards

828

(1)

12.03 Wire-Wrap panels

828

(2)

Printed circuits

830

(22)

12.04 PC board fabrication

830

(5)

12.05 PC board design

835

(3)

12.06 Stuffing PC boards

838

(2)

12.07 Some further thoughts on PC boards

840

(1)

12.08 Advanced techniques

841

(11)

Instrument construction

852

(11)

12.09 Housing circuit boards in an instrument

852

(2)

12.10 Cabinets

854

(1)

12.11 Construction hints

855

(1)

12.12 Cooling

855

(3)

12.13 Some electrical hints

858

(2)

12.14 Where to get components

860

(3)

CHAPTER 13 HIGH-FREQUENCY AND HIGH-SPEED TECHNIQUES

863

(54)

High-frequency amplifiers

863

(16)

13.01 Transistor amplifiers at high frequencies: first look

863

(1)

13.02 High-frequency amplifiers: the ac model

864

(2)

13.03 A high-frequency calculation example

866

(2)

13.04 High-frequency amplifier configurations

868

(1)

13.05 A wideband design example

869

(3)

13.06 Some refinements to the ac model

872

(1)

13.07 The shunt-series pair

872

(1)

13.08 Modular amplifiers

873

(6)

Radiofrequency circuit elements

879

(13)

13.09 Transmission lines

879

(2)

13.10 Stubs, baluns, and transformers

881

(1)

13.11 Tuned amplifiers

882

(2)

13.12 Radiofrequency circuit elements

884

(4)

13.13 Measuring amplitude or power

888

(4)

Radiofrequency communications: AM

892

(5)

13.14 Some communications concepts

892

(2)

13.15 Amplitude modulation

894

(1)

13.16 Superheterodyne receiver

895

(2)

Advanced modulation methods

897

(5)

13.17 Single sideband

897

(1)

13.18 Frequency modulation

898

(2)

13.19 Frequency-shift keying

900

(1)

13.20 Pulse-modulation schemes

900

(2)

Radiofrequency circuit tricks

902

(2)

13.21 Special construction techniques

902

(1)

13.22 Exotic RF amplifiers and devices

903

(1)

High-speed switching

904

(5)

13.23 Transistor model and equations

905

(3)

13.24 Analog modeling tools

908

(1)

Some switching-speed examples

909

(4)

13.25 High-voltage driver

909

(1)

13.26 Open-collector bus driver

910

(1)

13.27 Example: photomultiplier preamp

911

(2)

Self-explanatory circuits

913

(4)

13.28 Circuit ideas

913

(1)

Additional exercises

913

(4)

CHAPTER 14 LOW-POWER DESIGN

917

(70)

Introduction

917

(1)

14.01 Low-power applications

918

(2)

Power sources

920

(18)

14.02 Battery types

920

(11)

14.03 Wall-plug-in units

931

(1)

14.04 Solar cells

932

(1)

14.05 Signal currents

933

(5)

Power switching and micropower regulators

938

(10)

14.06 Power switching

938

(3)

14.07 Micropower regulators

941

(3)

14.08 Ground reference

944

(4)

14.09 Micropower voltage references and temperature sensors

948

(1)

Linear micropower design techniques

948

(21)

14.10 Problems of micropower linear design

950

(1)

14.11 Discrete linear design example

950

(1)

14.12 Micropower operational amplifiers

951

(14)

14.13 Micropower comparators

965

(1)

14.14 Micropower timers and oscillators

965

(4)

Micropower digital design

969

(16)

14.15 CMOS families

969

(1)

14.16 Keeping CMOS low power

970

(4)

14.17 Micropower microprocessors and peripherals

974

(4)

14.18 Microprocessor design example: degree-day logger

978

(7)

Self-explanatory circuits

985

(2)

14.19 Circuit ideas

985

(2)

CHAPTER 15 MEASUREMENTS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING

987

(56)

Overview

987

(1)

Measurement transducers

988

(28)

15.01 Temperature

988

(8)

15.02 Light level

996

(5)

15.03 Strain and displacement

1001

(3)

15.04 Acceleration, pressure, force, velocity

1004

(3)

15.05 Magnetic field

1007

(1)

15.06 Vacuum gauges

1007

(1)

15.07 Particle detectors

1008

(4)

15.08 Biological and chemical voltage probes

1012

(4)

Precision standards and precision measurements

1016

(10)

15.09 Frequency standards

1016

(3)

15.10 Frequency, period, and time-interval measurements

1019

(6)

15.11 Voltage and resistance standards and measurements

1025

(1)

Bandwidth-narrowing techniques

1026

(9)

15.12 The problem of signal-to-noise ratio

1026

(1)

15.13 Signal averaging and multichannel averaging

1026

(4)

15.14 Making a signal periodic

1030

(1)

15.15 Lock-in detection

1031

(3)

15.16 Pulse-height analysis

1034

(1)

15.17 Time-to-amplitude converters

1035

(1)

Spectrum analysis and Fourier transforms

1035

(3)

15.18 Spectrum analyzers

1035

(3)

15.19 Off-line spectrum analysis

1038

(1)

Self-explanatory circuits

1038

(5)

15.20 Circuit ideas

1038

(5)

APPENDIXES

1043

(52)

Appendix A The oscilloscope

1045

(5)

Appendix B Math review

1050

(3)

Appendix C The 5% resistor color code

1053

(1)

Appendix D 1% Precision resistors

1054

(2)

Appendix E How to draw schematic diagrams

1056

(3)

Appendix F Load lines

1059

(3)

Appendix G Transistor saturation

1062

(2)

Appendix H LC Butterworth filters

1064

(4)

Appendix I Electronics magazines and journals

1068

(1)

Appendix J IC prefixes

1069

(3)

Appendix K Data sheets

1072

(1)

2N4400-1 NPN transistor

1073

(5)

LF411-12 JFET operational amplifier

1078

(8)

LM317 3-terminal adjustable regulator

1086

(9)

Bibliography

1095

(6)

Index

1101

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